Liquid helium has fascinated scientists ever since it was first produced by the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1908. One of the biggest surprises was that liquid helium-4 forms a substance known as helium-II when it is cooled below 2.2 K. Helium-II is a mixture of two interpenetrating fluids: superfluid helium-4, which can flow without resistance, and normal helium-4.
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